Sdr Radio Dongle Receiver Software

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Multiplexing
Analog modulation
Related topics

SDR Software. GQRX: GQRX is a software defined radio receiver for Funcube Dongle (FCD), RTL2832U-based DVB-T devices (RTL-SDR), Universal Software Radio Peripherals (USRP) and Osmo SDR devices. It is powered by GNU Radio and the Qt GUI toolkit. HDSDR: HDSDR is a freeware Software Defined Radio (SDR) program for Microsoft Windows 2000/XP/Vista/7. Typical applications are Radio listening, Ham. This article provides a list of commercially available software-defined radio. 3.8 GHz (70 MHz – 6 GHz with software. RTL-SDR V3 Receiver Dongle.

Analog modulation
Digital modulation
Hierarchical modulation
Spread spectrum
See also

Software-defined radio (SDR) is a radiocommunication system where components that have been traditionally implemented in hardware (e.g. mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators/demodulators, detectors, etc.) are instead implemented by means of software on a personal computer or embedded system.[1] While the concept of SDR is not new, the rapidly evolving capabilities of digital electronics render practical many processes which were once only theoretically possible.

A basic SDR system may consist of a personal computer equipped with a sound card, or other analog-to-digital converter, preceded by some form of RF front end. Significant amounts of signal processing are handed over to the general-purpose processor, rather than being done in special-purpose hardware (electronic circuits). Such a design produces a radio which can receive and transmit widely different radio protocols (sometimes referred to as waveforms) based solely on the software used.

Software radios have significant utility for the military and cell phone services, both of which must serve a wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time.

In the long term, software-defined radios are expected by proponents like the SDRForum (now The Wireless Innovation Forum) to become the dominant technology in radio communications. SDRs, along with software defined antennas are the enablers of the cognitive radio.

A software-defined radio can be flexible enough to avoid the 'limited spectrum' assumptions of designers of previous kinds of radios, in one or more ways including:[2]

  • Spread spectrum and ultrawideband techniques allow several transmitters to transmit in the same place on the same frequency with very little interference, typically combined with one or more error detection and correction techniques to fix all the errors caused by that interference.
  • Software defined antennas adaptively 'lock onto' a directional signal, so that receivers can better reject interference from other directions, allowing it to detect fainter transmissions.
  • Cognitive radio techniques: each radio measures the spectrum in use and communicates that information to other cooperating radios, so that transmitters can avoid mutual interference by selecting unused frequencies. Alternatively, each radio connects to a geolocation database to obtain information about the spectrum occupancy in its location and, flexibly, adjusts its operating frequency and/or transmit power not to cause interference to other wireless services.
  • Dynamic transmitter power adjustment, based on information communicated from the receivers, lowering transmit power to the minimum necessary, reducing the near-far problem and reducing interference to others, and extending battery life in portable equipment.
  • Wireless mesh network where every added radio increases total capacity and reduces the power required at any one node.[3] Each node transmits using only enough power needed for the message to hop to the nearest node in that direction, reducing the near-far problem and reducing interference to others.
  • 1Operating principles
  • 2History
  • 3Current usage
    • 3.1Military

Operating principles[edit]

Software defined radio concept

Ideal concept[edit]

The ideal receiver scheme would be to attach an analog-to-digital converter to an antenna. A digital signal processor would read the converter, and then its software would transform the stream of data from the converter to any other form the application requires.

An ideal transmitter would be similar. A digital signal processor would generate a stream of numbers. These would be sent to a digital-to-analog converter connected to a radio antenna.

The ideal scheme is not completely realizable due to the current limits of the technology. The main problem in both directions is the difficulty of conversion between the digital and the analog domains at a high enough rate and a high enough accuracy at the same time, and without relying upon physical processes like interference and electromagnetic resonance for assistance.

Receiver architecture[edit]

Most receivers use a variable-frequency oscillator, mixer, and filter to tune the desired signal to a common intermediate frequency or baseband, where it is then sampled by the analog-to-digital converter. However, in some applications it is not necessary to tune the signal to an intermediate frequency and the radio frequency signal is directly sampled by the analog-to-digital converter (after amplification).

Real analog-to-digital converters lack the dynamic range to pick up sub-microvolt, nanowatt-power radio signals. Therefore, a low-noise amplifier must precede the conversion step and this device introduces its own problems. For example, if spurious signals are present (which is typical), these compete with the desired signals within the amplifier's dynamic range. They may introduce distortion in the desired signals, or may block them completely. The standard solution is to put band-pass filters between the antenna and the amplifier, but these reduce the radio's flexibility. Real software radios often have two or three analog channel filters with different bandwidths that are switched in and out.

History[edit]

The term 'digital receiver' was coined in 1970 by a researcher at a United States Department of Defense laboratory. A laboratory called the Gold Room at TRW in California created a software baseband analysis tool called Midas, which had its operation defined in software.

The term 'software radio' was coined in 1984 by a team at the Garland, Texas, Division of E-Systems Inc. (now Raytheon) to refer to a digital baseband receiver and published in their E-Team company newsletter. A 'Software Radio Proof-of-Concept' laboratory was developed by the E-Systems team that popularized Software Radio within various government agencies. This 1984 Software Radio was a digital baseband receiver that provided programmable interference cancellation and demodulation for broadband signals, typically with thousands of adaptive filter taps, using multiple array processors accessing shared memory.[4]

In 1991, Joe Mitola independently reinvented the term software radio for a plan to build a GSM base station that would combine Ferdensi's digital receiver with E-Systems Melpar's digitally controlled communications jammers for a true software-based transceiver. E-Systems Melpar sold the software radio idea to the US Air Force. Melpar built a prototype commanders' tactical terminal in 1990-91 that employed Texas Instruments TMS320C30 processors and Harris digital receiver chip sets with digitally synthesized transmission. The Melpar prototype didn't last long because when E-Systems ECI Division manufactured the first limited production units, they decided to 'throw out those useless C30 boards,' replacing them with conventional RF filtering on transmit and receive, reverting to a digital baseband radio instead of the SPEAKeasy like IF ADC/DACs of Mitola's prototype. The Air Force would not let Mitola publish the technical details of that prototype, nor would they let Diane Wasserman publish related software life cycle lessons learned because they regarded it as a 'USAF competitive advantage.' So instead, with USAF permission, in 1991 Mitola described the architecture principles without implementation details in a paper, 'Software Radio: Survey, Critical Analysis and Future Directions' which became the first IEEE publication to employ the term in 1992.[5] When Mitola presented the paper at the conference, Bob Prill of GEC Marconi began his presentation following Mitola with 'Joe is absolutely right about the theory of a software radio and we are building one.' Prill gave a GEC Marconi paper on PAVE PILLAR, a SPEAKeasy precursor. SPEAKeasy, the military software radio was formulated by Wayne Bonser, then of Rome Air Development Center (RADC), now Rome Labs; by Alan Margulies of MITRE Rome, NY; and then Lt Beth Kaspar, the original DARPA SPEAKeasy project manager and by others at Rome including Don Upmal. Although Mitola's IEEE publications resulted in the largest global footprint for software radio, Mitola privately credits that DoD lab of the 1970s with its leaders Carl, Dave, and John with inventing the digital receiver technology on which he based software radio once it was possible to transmit via software.

A few months after the National Telesystems Conference 1992, in an E-Systems corporate program review, a vice-president of E-Systems Garland Division objected to Melpar's (Mitola's) use of the term 'software radio' without credit to Garland. Alan Jackson, Melpar VP of marketing at that time, asked the Garland VP if their laboratory or devices included transmitters. The Garland VP said 'No, of course not — ours is a software radio receiver'. Al replied 'Then it's a digital receiver but without a transmitter, it's not a software radio.' Corporate leadership agreed with Al, so the publication stood. Many amateur radio operators and HF radio engineers had realized the value of digitizing HF at RF and of processing it with Texas Instruments TI C30 digital signal processors (DSPs) and their precursors during the 1980s and early 1990s. Radio engineers at Roke Manor in the UK and at an organization in Germany had recognized the benefits of ADC at the RF in parallel, so success has many fathers. Mitola's publication of software radio in the IEEE opened the concept to the broad community of radio engineers. His May 1995 special issue of the IEEE Communications Magazine with the cover 'Software Radio' was regarded as watershed event with thousands of academic citations. Mitola was introduced by Joao da Silva in 1997 at the First International Conference on Software Radio as 'godfather' of software radio in no small part for his willingness to share such a valuable technology 'in the public interest.'

Perhaps the first software-based radio transceiver was designed and implemented by Peter Hoeher and Helmuth Lang at the German Aerospace Research Establishment (DLR, formerly DFVLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany, in 1988.[6] Both transmitter and receiver of an adaptive digital satellite modem were implemented according to the principles of a software radio, and a flexible hardware periphery was proposed.

The term 'software defined radio' was coined in 1995 by Stephen Blust, who published a request for information from Bell South Wireless at the first meeting of the Modular Multifunction Information Transfer Systems (MMITS) forum in 1996, organized by the USAF and DARPA around the commercialization of their SPEAKeasy II program. Mitola objected to Blust's term, but finally accepted it as a pragmatic pathway towards the ideal software radio. Although the concept was first implemented with an IF ADC in the early 1990s, software-defined radios have their origins in the U.S. and European defense sectors of the late 1970s(for example, Walter Tuttlebee described a VLF radio that used an ADC and an 8085 microprocessor).[7] about a year after the First International Conference in Brussels. One of the first public software radio initiatives was the U.S. DARPA-Air Force military project named SpeakEasy. The primary goal of the SpeakEasy project was to use programmable processing to emulate more than 10 existing military radios, operating in frequencybands between 2 and 2000 MHz.[8] Another SPEAKeasy design goal was to be able to easily incorporate new coding and modulation standards in the future, so that military communications can keep pace with advances in coding and modulation techniques.

SPEAKeasy phase I[edit]

From 1990 to 1995, the goal of the SPEAKeasy program was to demonstrate a radio for the U.S. Air Force tactical ground air control party that could operate from 2 MHz to 2 GHz, and thus could interoperate with ground force radios (frequency-agile VHF, FM, and SINCGARS), Air Force radios (VHF AM), Naval Radios (VHF AM and HFSSBteleprinters) and satellites (microwaveQAM). Some particular goals were to provide a new signal format in two weeks from a standing start, and demonstrate a radio into which multiple contractors could plug parts and software.

The project was demonstrated at TF-XXI Advanced Warfighting Exercise, and demonstrated all of these goals in a non-production radio. There was some discontent with failure of these early software radios to adequately filter out of band emissions, to employ more than the simplest of interoperable modes of the existing radios, and to lose connectivity or crash unexpectedly. Its cryptographic processor could not change context fast enough to keep several radio conversations on the air at once. Its software architecture, though practical enough, bore no resemblance to any other. The SPEAKeasy architecture was refined at the MMITS Forum between 1996 and 1999 and inspired the DoD integrated process team (IPT) for programmable modular communications systems (PMCS) to proceed with what became the Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS).

The basic arrangement of the radio receiver used an antenna feeding an amplifier and down-converter (see Frequency mixer) feeding an automatic gain control, which fed an analog to digital converter that was on a computer VMEbus with a lot of digital signal processors (Texas Instruments C40s). The transmitter had digital to analog converters on the PCI bus feeding an up converter (mixer) that led to a power amplifier and antenna. The very wide frequency range was divided into a few sub-bands with different analog radio technologies feeding the same analog to digital converters. This has since become a standard design scheme for wideband software radios.

SPEAKeasy phase II[edit]

The goal was to get a more quickly reconfigurable architecture, i.e., several conversations at once, in an open software architecture, with cross-channel connectivity (the radio can 'bridge' different radio protocols). The secondary goals were to make it smaller, cheaper, and weigh less.

The project produced a demonstration radio only fifteen months into a three-year research project. This demonstration was so successful that further development was halted, and the radio went into production with only a 4 MHz to 400 MHz range.

The software architecture identified standard interfaces for different modules of the radio: 'radio frequency control' to manage the analog parts of the radio, 'modem control' managed resources for modulation and demodulation schemes (FM, AM, SSB, QAM, etc.), 'waveform processing' modules actually performed the modem functions, 'key processing' and 'cryptographic processing' managed the cryptographic functions, a 'multimedia' module did voice processing, a 'human interface' provided local or remote controls, there was a 'routing' module for network services, and a 'control' module to keep it all straight.

The modules are said to communicate without a central operating system. Instead, they send messages over the PCIcomputer bus to each other with a layered protocol.

As a military project, the radio strongly distinguished 'red' (unsecured secret data) and 'black' (cryptographically-secured data).

The project was the first known to use FPGAs (field programmable gate arrays) for digital processing of radio data. The time to reprogram these was an issue limiting application of the radio. Today, the time to write a program for an FPGA is still significant, but the time to download a stored FPGA program is around 20 milliseconds. This means an SDR could change transmission protocols and frequencies in one fiftieth of a second, probably not an intolerable interruption for that task.

Current usage[edit]

Military[edit]

USA[edit]

The Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS) was a program of the US military to produce radios that provide flexible and interoperable communications. Examples of radio terminals that require support include hand-held, vehicular, airborne and dismounted radios, as well as base-stations (fixed and maritime).

This goal is achieved through the use of SDR systems based on an internationally endorsed open Software Communications Architecture (SCA). This standard uses CORBA on POSIX operating systems to coordinate various software modules.

The program is providing a flexible new approach to meet diverse soldier communications needs through software programmable radio technology. All functionality and expandability is built upon the SCA.

The SCA, despite its military origin, is under evaluation by commercial radio vendors for applicability in their domains. The adoption of general-purpose SDR frameworks outside of military, intelligence, experimental and amateur uses, however, is inherently hampered by the fact that civilian users can more easily settle with a fixed architecture, optimized for a specific function, and as such more economical in mass market applications. Still, software defined radio's inherent flexibility can yield substantial benefits in the longer run, once the fixed costs of implementing it have gone down enough to overtake the cost of iterated redesign of purpose built systems. This then explains the increasing commercial interest in the technology.

SCA-based infrastructure software and rapid development tools for SDR education and research are provided by the Open Source SCA Implementation – Embedded (OSSIE[9]) project. The Wireless Innovation Forum funded the SCA Reference Implementation project, an open source implementation of the SCA specification. (SCARI) can be downloaded for free.

Amateur and home use[edit]

Sdr Radio Dongle Receiver Software
Microtelecom Perseus - a HF SDR for the amateur radio market

A typical amateur software radio uses a direct conversion receiver. Unlike direct conversion receivers of the more distant past, the mixer technologies used are based on the quadrature sampling detector and the quadrature sampling exciter.[10][11][12][13]

The receiver performance of this line of SDRs is directly related to the dynamic range of the analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) utilized.[14] Radio frequency signals are down converted to the audio frequency band, which is sampled by a high performance audio frequency ADC. First generation SDRs used a PC sound card to provide ADC functionality. The newer software defined radios use embedded high performance ADCs that provide higher dynamic range and are more resistant to noise and RF interference.

A fast PC performs the digital signal processing (DSP) operations using software specific for the radio hardware. Several software radio efforts use the open source SDR library DttSP.[15]

The SDR software performs all of the demodulation, filtering (both radio frequency and audio frequency), and signal enhancement (equalization and binaural presentation). Uses include every common amateur modulation: morse code, single sideband modulation, frequency modulation, amplitude modulation, and a variety of digital modes such as radioteletype, slow-scan television, and packet radio.[16] Amateurs also experiment with new modulation methods: for instance, the DREAMopen-source project decodes the COFDM technique used by Digital Radio Mondiale.

There is a broad range of hardware solutions for radio amateurs and home use. There are professional-grade transceiver solutions, e.g. the Zeus ZS-1[17][18] or the Flex Radio,[19] home-brew solutions,e.g. PicAStar transceiver, the SoftRock SDR kit,[20] and starter or professional receiver solutions, e.g. the FiFi SDR[21] for shortwave, or the Quadrus coherent multi-channel SDR receiver[22] for short wave or VHF/UHF in direct digital mode of operation.

Internals of a low-cost DVB-T USB dongle that uses Realtek RTL2832U (square IC on the right) as the controller and Rafael Micro R820T (square IC on the left) as the tuner.

It has been discovered that some common low-cost DVB-T USB dongles with the Realtek RTL2832U[23][24] controller and tuner, e.g. the Elonics E4000 or the Rafael Micro R820T,[25] can be used as a wide-band SDR receiver. Recent experiments have proven the capability of this setup to analyze perseids shower using the graves radar signals.[26]

GNU Radio logo

More recently,[when?] the GNU Radio using primarily the Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP) uses a USB 2.0 interface, an FPGA, and a high-speed set of analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters, combined with reconfigurable free software. Its sampling and synthesis bandwidth is a thousand times that of PC sound cards, which enables wideband operation.

The HPSDR (High Performance Software Defined Radio) project uses a 16-bit 135 MSPS analog-to-digital converter that provides performance over the range 0 to 55 MHz comparable to that of a conventional analogue HF radio. The receiver will also operate in the VHF and UHF range using either mixer image or alias responses. Interface to a PC is provided by a USB 2.0 interface, although Ethernet could be used as well. The project is modular and comprises a backplane onto which other boards plug in. This allows experimentation with new techniques and devices without the need to replace the entire set of boards. An exciter provides 1/2 W of RF over the same range or into the VHF and UHF range using image or alias outputs.[27]

WebSDR[28] is a project initiated by Pieter-Tjerk de Boer providing access via browser to multiple SDR receivers worldwide covering the complete shortwave spectrum. Recently he has analyzed Chirp Transmitter signals using the coupled system of receivers.[29]

Other SDR applications

Rtl2832u Sdr Windows Software

Many studies have identified SDR's potential applications[30] in Opportunity Driven Multiple Access (ODMA), Spectrum Regulation and Cost Reduction, cooperative wireless networks diversity, quantum optical communications, investigations of the strength of the magnetic resonance etc. as the research advances rapidly.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^Software Defined Radio: Architectures, Systems and Functions (Markus Dillinger, Kambiz Madani, Nancy Alonistioti) Page xxxiii (Wiley & Sons, 2003, ISBN0-470-85164-3)
  2. ^Staple, Gregory; Werbach, Kevin (March 2004). 'The End of Spectrum Scarcity'. IEEE Spectrum.
  3. ^'Open Spectrum: A Global Pervasive Network'.
  4. ^P. Johnson, 'New Research Lab Leads to Unique Radio Receiver,' E-Systems Team, May 1985, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp 6-7 http://chordite.com/team.pdf
  5. ^Mitola III, J. (1992). Software radios-survey, critical evaluation and future directions. National Telesystems Conference. pp. 13/15 to 13/23. doi:10.1109/NTC.1992.267870. ISBN0-7803-0554-X.
  6. ^P. Hoeher and H. Lang, 'Coded-8PSK modem for fixed and mobile satellite services based on DSP,' in Proc. First Int. Workshop on Digital Signal Processing Techniques Applied to Space Communications, ESA/ ESTEC, Noordwijk, Netherlands, Nov. 1988; ESA WPP-006, Jan. 1990, pp. 117-123.
  7. ^First International Workshop on Software Radio, Greece 1998
  8. ^RJ Lackey and DW Upmal contributed the article 'Speakeasy: The Military Software Radio' to the IEEE Communications Magazine special issue that Mitola edited and for which Mitola wrote the lead article 'Software Radio Architecture', in May 1995.
  9. ^'OSSIE'. vt.edu. Archived from the original on 2009-03-12.
  10. ^Youngblood, Gerald (July 2002), 'A Software Defined Radio for the Masses, Part 1'(PDF), QEX, American Radio Relay League: 1–9
  11. ^Youngblood, Gerald (Sep–Oct 2002), 'A Software Defined Radio for the Masses, Part 2'(PDF), QEX, American Radio Relay League: 10–18
  12. ^Youngblood, Gerald (Nov–Dec 2002), 'A Software Defined Radio for the Masses, Part 3'(PDF), QEX, American Radio Relay League: 1–10
  13. ^Youngblood, Gerald (Mar–Apr 2003), 'A Software Defined Radio for the Masses, Part 4'(PDF), QEX, American Radio Relay League: 20–31
  14. ^Rick Lindquist; Joel R. Hailas (October 2005). 'FlexRadio Systems; SDR-1000 HF+VHF Software Defined Radio Redux'. QST. Retrieved 2008-12-07.
  15. ^DttSP http://dttsp.sourceforge.net/
  16. ^http://sourceforge.net/projects/sdr Open source SDR transceiver project using USRP and GNU Radio
  17. ^ZS-1 Project http://zs-1.ru
  18. ^ZS-1 Zeus Transceiver http://www.radioaficion.com/HamNews/articles/9483-zeus-zs-1-sdr-transceiver.html
  19. ^Flex Radio SDR Transceiver http://www.flex-radio.com/
  20. ^SoftRock SDR Kits http://wb5rvz.com/sdr/
  21. ^FiFi SDR Receiver http://o28.sischa.net/fifisdr/trac
  22. ^Quadrus coherenet multi-channel SDR receiver http://spectrafold.com/quadrus
  23. ^Using DVB USB Stick as SDR Receiver http://sdr.osmocom.org/trac/wiki/rtl-sdr
  24. ^RTL-SDR Blog http://www.rtl-sdr.com
  25. ^Support for the Rafael Micro R820T tuner in Cocoa Radio http://www.alternet.us.com/?p=1814
  26. ^'Perseids shower using graves radar'. EB3FRN.
  27. ^'HPSDR Web Site'.
  28. ^WebSDR http://websdr.org
  29. ^Chirp Signals analyzed using SDR http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8901/chirps/
  30. ^Machado-Fernández, José Raúl (January 2015). 'Software Defined Radio: Basic Principles and Applications'. Revista Facultad de Ingeniería. 24 (38): 79–96. ISSN0121-1129.

Further reading[edit]

Sdr Radio Dongle Receiver Software Free

  • Rohde, Ulrich L (February 26–28, 1985). 'Digital HF Radio: A Sampling of Techniques'. Third International Conference on HF Communication Systems and Techniques. London, England.
  • Software defined radio : architectures, systems, and functions. Dillinger, Madani, Alonistioti. Wiley, 2003. 454 pages. ISBN0-470-85164-3ISBN9780470851647
  • Cognitive Radio Technology. Bruce Fette. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 2006. 656 pags. ISBN0-7506-7952-2ISBN9780750679527
  • Software Defined Radio for 3G, Burns. Artech House, 2002. ISBN1-58053-347-7
  • Software Radio: A Modern Approach to Radio Engineering, Jeffrey H. Reed. Prentice Hall PTR, 2002. ISBN0-13-081158-0
  • Signal Processing Techniques for Software Radio, Behrouz Farhang-Beroujeny. LuLu Press.
  • RF and Baseband Techniques for Software Defined Radio, Peter B. Kenington. Artech House, 2005, ISBN1-58053-793-6
  • The ABC's of Software Defined Radio, Martin Ewing, AA6E. The American Radio Relay League, Inc., 2012, ISBN978-0-87259-632-0
  • Software Defined Radio using MATLAB & Simulink and the RTL-SDR, R Stewart, K Barlee, D Atkinson, L Crockett, Strathclyde Academic Media, September 2015. ISBN978-0-9929787-2-3

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Software defined radios.
  • The world's first web-based software-defined receiver at the university of Twente, the Netherlands
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software-defined_radio&oldid=917160649'

This article provides a list of commercially available software-defined radio receivers.

NameTypeFrequency rangeMax bandwidthRX
ADC
bits		TX
DAC
bits		TX capableSampling rateFrequency accuracy

ppm

Panadapters / ReceiversHost InterfaceWindowsLinuxMacFPGABase price
ADAT ADT-200A[1]Pre-built10 kHz – 30 MHz (planned modules for 50–54 MHz, 70.0–70.5 MHz, and 144–148 MHz)0.5–100 kHz??1/3Embedded system (no computer needed), USB, Internet remoteYes, with option R-1 & ADAT Commander??CHF 5,220
AD-FMCOMMS2-EBZ[2]Pre-built2400 – 2500 MHz1212Yes61.44 MSPS2/2FMC (to Xilinx board) then USB 2.0 or Gigabit Ethernet.YesYesYesUS$750
AD-FMCOMMS3-EBZ[3]Pre-built70 MHz – 6 GHz54 MHz due to filter1212Yes61.44 MSPS2/2FMC (to Xilinx board) then USB 2.0 or Gigabit Ethernet.YesYesYesUS$750
AD-FMCOMMS4-EBZ[4]Pre-built70 MHz – 6 GHz54 MHz due to filter1212Yes61.44 MSPS1/1FMC (to Xilinx board) then USB 2.0 or Gigabit Ethernet.YesYesYesUS$399
AD-FMCOMMS5-EBZ[5]Pre-built70 MHz – 6 GHz54 MHz due to filter1212Yes61.44 MSPS4/4FMC (to Xilinx board) then USB 2.0 or Gigabit Ethernet.YesYesYesUS$1,125
ADALM-PLUTO[6]Pre-built325 MHz – 3.8 GHz (70 MHz – 6 GHz with software modification[7])20 MHz (streaming may be less due to USB 2.0)1212Yes61.44 MSPS1/1USB 2.0, Ethernet & WLAN with USB-OTG adapterYesYesYesXilinx Zynq Z-7010US$148
AFEDRI SDR[8]Pre-built30 kHz – 35 MHz, 35 MHz – 1700 MHz2.3MHz12No80 MSPS0/2USB 2.0, 10/100 EthernetYesYesYesUS$249
AirSpy R2[9]Pre-built24 – 1700 MHz10 MHz12N/ANo10 MSPS MSps ADC sampling, up to 80 MSPS for custom applications0.50/1USBYesYesYes using portsnoneUS$169
AirspyHF+[10]Pre-built9 kHz - 31 MHz

60 MHz - 260 MHz

660 kHz18N/ANo36 MSPS0.50/1USBYesYesYesUS$199
Apache Labs ANAN-10E[11]Pre-built10 kHz – 55 MHz14?Yes 10W122.88 Msps0/2Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesUS$995
Apache Labs ANAN-10/100Pre-built10 kHz – 55 MHz16?Yes 10/100W122.88 Msps0/4Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesUS$1,649-US$2,449
Apache Labs ANAN-100D/200DPre-built10 kHz – 55 MHz16?Yes 100W122.88 Msps0/7Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesUS$3,299-US$3,999
Apache Labs ANAN-7000DLE[12]Pre-built9 kHz – 60 MHz1616Yes 100W?0/7Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesUS$2,995
Apache Labs ANAN-8000DLEPre-built0 kHz - 61.44 MHz1616Yes 200W?0/7Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesAltera Cyclone IVUS$4,395
AOR AR-2300[14]Pre-built40 kHz – 3.15 GHz?No65 MSPS1/1Embedded system (no computer needed), USBYes??US$3,299
ARSP / Wideband MIMO[15]early kit / pre-built400 MHz – 4.4 GHz??8mhz streaming / 50mhz?USB 2.0YesYesNoUnknown
ASR-2300[16]Pre-Built / Open Source Design300 MHz – 3.8 GHz, two general wideband RX and selectable GPS, ISM, PCS, UHF RX bands??<40 MHz (Programmable)0/2USB 3.0 SuperSpeedYesYesYesUS$1,500
Bitshark Express RX[17]Kit300 MHz – 4 GHz?105 MSPS (RX only)0/1 ?PCIeYesYes?US$4,300
bladeRF[18]Pre-built300 MHz – 3.8 GHz1212yes80 kSPS – 40 MSPS1?USB 3.0 SuperSpeedYesYesYesAltera Cyclone 4 EUS$420
bladeRF 2.0 micro[19]Pre-built47 MHz – 6 GHz56MHz1212yes61.44 MSPS2/2USB 3.0 SuperSpeedYesYesYesAltera Cyclone VUS$480
ColibriDDC[20]Pre-built10 kHz – 62.5 MHz,

up to 800 MHz (oversampling)

38 – 312 kHz14No125 MSPS3/410/100 EthernetYesYes?US$650
COM-3011[21]Pre-built20 MHz – 3 GHzextExternal ADC required (I/Q output)?USBYes??US$345
Crimson TNG[22]Pre-builtDC – 6 GHz> 1200 MHz

(4 independent RX chains and 4 independent TX chains, each capable of up to 322MHz of RF bandwidth)

1616Yes
  • Four dual channel, 16 bit, 370 MSPS ADCs
  • Two quad channel, 16 bit, 2500 MSPS DACs
4/42x 10Gbit/s SFP+, EthernetYesYesYesUS$6,000
Cross Country Wireless SDR receiver v. 3[23]Pre-built472 – 479 kHz,

7.0–7.3 MHz/10.10–10.15 MHz,
and 14.00–14.35 MHz

extExternal ADC required (I/Q output)1/1Crystal controlled two channelsYesYesYesUS$80
Cyan[22]Pre-built100 kHz – 18 GHz1 – 3 Ghz

(8 fully independent Rx chains and 8 fully independent Tx chains, each capable of up to 1 GHz of RF bandwidth)

12 – 1616Yes
  • 1–3 GSPS ADCs
  • 2.5 GSPS DACs
0 – 16 receive and 0 – 16 transmit

(total of 16 radio chains)

4x 40Gbps QSFP, EthernetYesYesYesIntel Stratix 10 SoCUS$73,500
DRB 30[24]Pre-built30 kHz – 30 MHzextExternal ADC required (I/Q output)?LPT parallel portUp to XP??US$390
DX Patrol[25]Pre-built100 kHz – 2 GHz (RTL2832U, R820T, 40 MHz upconverter)8No2.4 (up to 3.2) Msps?USBYes??€100
easySDR USB Dongle[26]Pre-built64 – 1700 MHz?No48, 96 kHz0/1USBYesNoNoUS$110
Elektor SDR[27]Bare PCB and pre-built150 kHz – 30 MHz?NoSoundcard ADC: 48, 96, and 192 kHz0/1USBYesYesYesUS$41-US$46 for PCB
Elektor AVR SDR[28]Kit and pre-builtup to 1 MHz in undersampling?up to 15 kS/s0/1UART via RS2-232 converter or USB bridgeYesYesYesUS$145-US$160
ELAD FDM-S1[29]Pre-built20 kHz – 30 MHz,

up to 200 MHz in undersampling

?No61.44 MHz1/4USBYesNoNoXilinx€369
ELAD FDM-S2[30]Pre-builtHF:9 kHz – 52 MHz / FM:74 MHz - 108 MHz / VHF:135 MHz - 160 MHz6 MHz?No122.88 MHz1/8USB 2.0YesNoNoXilinx Spartan-6€525
ELAD FDM-DUO[31]Pre-builtHF:10 kHz – 54 MHz
(experimental up to 165 MHz)		6 MHz16?Yes122.88 MHz1/8+1Embedded system + 3x USB 2.0YesNoNoXilinx Spartan-6€1,159
Elecraft KX3[32]Pre-built or kit0.5 – 54 MHz

(144–148 MHz optional)

14?Yes30 kHz?0/1USB or embedded system (no computer needed)YesYesYesUS$900
FiFi-SDR[33]Pre-built200 kHz – 30 MHz?No96 kHz (integrated soundcard)0/1USBYesYes?€120[34]
FLEX-6700[35]Pre-built0.01 – 73, 135 – 165 MHz24-192kHz RX (x8), 14MHz Display (x8)1616Yes 100W245.76 MSPS8/8Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesXilinx XC6VLX130TUS$6,999
CDRX-3200[36]Pre-built0.01 – 100 MHz48 – 250 kHz RX (x32)24—No48-250 kSPS0/32, coherent or independentGigabit EthernetYes through APIYes through APIYes through APIXilinx XC5VLX30T
LBRX-24[37]Pre-built950 – 2150 MHz150kHz – 80MHz (x24)16—No150 kSPS – 80 MSPS0/2410 Gigabit Ethernet (x4)Yes through APIYes through APIYes through APIXilinx XC6VHX380T (x2)
FLEX-6700R[35]Pre-built0.01 – 73, 135 – 165 MHz24-192kHz RX (x8), 14MHz Display (x8)16No245.76 MSPS (receiver)8/8Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesXilinx XC6VLX130TUS$6,399
FLEX-6600M[38]Pre-built0.01 – 54 MHz24-192kHz RX (x4), 14MHz Display (x4)1616Yes 100W245.76 MSPS4/4Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesXilinx XC6VLX130T or XC7A200TUS$4,999
FLEX-6600[38]Pre-built0.01 – 54 MHz24-192kHz RX (x4), 14MHz Display (x4)1616Yes 100W245.76 MSPS4/4Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesXilinx XC6VLX130T or XC7A200TUS$3,999
FLEX-6500[39]Pre-built0.01 – 73 MHz24-192kHz RX (x4), 14MHz Display (x4)1616Yes 100W245.76 MSPS4/4Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesXilinx XC6VLX75TUS$4,299
FLEX-6400M[40]Pre-built0.01 – 54 MHz24-192kHz RX (x2), 7MHz Display (x2)1616Yes 100W122.88 MSPS2/2Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesXilinx XC6VLX75T or XC7A200TUS$2,999
FLEX-6400[40]Pre-built0.01 – 54 MHz24-192kHz RX (x2), 7MHz Display (x2)1616Yes 100W122.88 MSPS2/2Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesXilinx XC6VLX75T or XC7A200TUS$1,999
FLEX-6300[41]Pre-built0.01 – 54 MHz24-192kHz RX (x2), 14MHz Display (x2)1616Yes 100W122.88 MSPS2/2Gigabit EthernetYesYesYes—US$2,499
FLEX-5000APre-built0.01 – 65 MHz48-192kHz (x2)2424Yes 100W48, 96, 192 kHz2/21394a FirewireYesNoNo—US$2,800
FLEX-3000Pre-built0.01 – 65 MHz48-96kHz2424Yes 100W48, 96 kHz1/11394a FirewireYesNoNo—US$1,700
FLEX-1500[42]Pre-built0.01 – 54 MHz48kHz1616Yes 5W48 kHz1/1USBYesNoNo—US$650
FreeSRPPre-built (OSHW)70 – 6000 MHz61.44 MHz??Yes61.44 Msps1/1USB 3.0???US$300-US$400
FUNcube Dongle[43]Pre-built64 – 1700 MHz16No96 kHz[44]0/1USBYesYesYesUS$160
FUNcube Dongle Pro+[43]Pre-built0.15 – 240 MHz, 420 – 1900 MHz16No192 kHz0/1USBYesYesYesUS$200
HackRF One[45]Pre-built1 MHz – 6 GHz20 MHz88Yes8 – 20 Msps200/1USB 2.0YesYesYesUS$299
Hermes-Lite2 (build9)[46]experimental kit0 to 38.4 MHz1.536 MHz12 bits @ 76.8 MHz12 bits @ 153.6 MHzYes76.8 MSPS0.5 ppm4 / 4 + 1EthernetYesYesYesAltera Cyclone IV Depends on component cost, build9 cost: US$225.7 + US$52.7 for N2ADR Companion Filter Card
HiQSDR[47]prebuilt modules & kits, pcbs30 kHz – 62 MHz?48 – 960 kHz?10/100 EthernetYesYesYesUS$650-US$1,400
HobbyPCB RS-HFIQ[48]Pre-built3 MHz – 30 MHzUp to 250 kHz depending on Sound Card??Yes, 5 WattsDepends on Sound Card2/1 Using HDSDR softwareRelies on a computing asset with sound device to process I and Q input and outputYes, HDSDR, PowerSDRYes, Quisk, Linrad, GNU RadioYes, various softwareUS$239
Hunter SDR[49]Kit2.5 – 30 MHz (1 – 30 MHz typ.)extExternal ADC required (I/Q output)?USBYesNoNo£85
Icom IC-7610[50]Pre-built0.030 - 60.00MHz1614Yes130 MHz[51]2/2USB 2.0
Ethernet
Iris-030[52]Pre-built50 MHz – 3.8 GHz122.88 MHz1212Yes122.88 Msps (SISO) 61.44 Msps (MIMO)2/2Gigabit Ethernet or 24.6 Gbps High-Speed BusYesYesYesXilinx Zynq 7030US$2,400
ISDB-T 2035/2037[53]Pre-built50 – 960 MHz8 MHz?0.5-12 MS/s0/1USBYesYesYesUS$25
Kanga Finningley[54]Kit3.750 MHz ± 48 kHzextNoExternal ADC required (I/Q output)?NoneYesYesYesUS$25
LimeSDR[55]Pre-built (full Open Source/Hardware)100 kHz – 3.8 GHz61.44 MHz (120 MHz internally)12?Yes61.44 Msps2.52/2USB 3.0, PCIeYesYesYesAltera Cyclone IVUS$299(USB) - US$799(PCIe)
LimeSDR-Mini[56]Pre-built (full Open Source/Hardware)10 MHz – 3.5 GHz30.72 MHz12?Yes30.72 Msps2.51/1USB 3.0, PCIeYesYesYesAltera MAX 10US$159
LD-1B[57]Pre-built100 kHz – 30 MHzextExternal ADC required (I/Q output)?USBYes??US$285
Lunaris-SDR[58]Pre-built10 kHz – 55 MHz?Yes122.88 Msps0/4Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesUS$1,483
Matchstiq[59]Pre-built300 MHz – 3.8 GHz??40 MSPS (RX/TX)?Embedded System or USBYesYesYesXilinx Spartan 6US$4,500
MB1[60]Pre-built10 kHz – 160 MHz38–312 kHz1614Yes160 MSPS (RX), 640 MSPS (TX)3/410/100 Ethernet, WLAN (optional)YesYes?US$5,595
Mercury[61]Pre-built0.1 – 55 MHz?122.88 MSPS0/7USB (via Ozy) or Ethernet (via Metis)YesYesYesUS$469
Myriad-RF 1[62]Pre-built300 MHz – 3.8 GHz?Programmable (16 selections);

0.75 – 14 MHz, Bypass mode

1/1standard connector FX10A-80PYesYesYesnoneUS$299
NooElec NESDR SMArt[63]Pre-built25 – 1750 MHz?NoUSBYesYes?US$20.95
NetSDR[64]PnP0.1 kHz – 34 MHz?No80.0 MHz0/1 ?EthernetYesYesYesUS$1,450
Noctar[65]Pre-built PCIe card100 kHz – 4 GHz200 MHz???PCI Express ×4NoYesNoUS$2,500
Odyssey TRX[66]Pre-built0.5 – 55 MHz?Yes122.880 MSps ADC sampling, 48k-960k output samplrate2/2LAN, WiFi, USBYesYesYesAltera Cyclone IVUS$450
Perseus[67]Pre-built10 kHz – 40 MHz (87.5–108 MHz using FM down-converter)1.6 MHz16No80 MS/s
(16 bit ADC)		?USB 2.0YesYes [68]?US$1,199
Pappradio[69]Pre-built150 kHz – 30 MHz

(210 MHz using harmonics)

extExternal ADC required (I/Q output)?USBYesYes?US$85
PCIe SDR MIMO 2x2[70]Pre-built70 MHz – 6 GHz?61.44 Msps2/2PCIe (1x)NoYesNo€1,500
PM-SDR[71]Pre-built100 kHz – 50 MHz
(up to 165 MHz using harmonics)		192 kHzextNoExternal ADC required (I/Q output)?USBYesYes?US$220
PrecisionWave Embedded SDR[72]Pre-built / Customizable Frontends1 MHz – 9.7 GHz
(depending on frontend)		2x RX: 155 MHz

2x TX: 650 MHz2x2 MIMOAudio: up to 320 Kbps

?Yes310 MSPS2Embedded System

Gigabit Ethernet / USB / JTAG / Audio

YesYesYesXilinx Zynq Z-7030US$1,999- US$3,999
QS1R[73]Pre-built10 kHz – 62.5 MHz (up to 500 MHz using images/alias)?No130 MHz1/2-4USBYesYesYesAltera Cyclone IIIUS$900
Quadrus (DRU-244A and SRM-3000)[74]Pre-built0.1 – 440 MHz?No80 MSps ADC sampling, 48k-1.536M output samplrate0/16PCIYesYesYesUS$1,490
Realtek RTL2832U DVB-T tuner[75]Pre-built with custom driver24 – 1766 MHz (R820T tuner)

(sensitivity drops off considerably outside this range, but can go 0–2,200 MHz (E4000 tuner with direct sampling mod) )

Matches sampling rate, but with filter roll-off8No2.8 MHz (can go up to 3.2 MHz but drops samples)?USBYesYesYesUS$8-US$10
RDP-100[76]Pre-builtRX, 0 – 125 MHz;

TX, 0–200 MHz

?YesRX: 250 MSPS

TX - 800 MSPS

?Embedded SystemNoNoNoUnknown
RTL-SDR V3 Receiver Dongle

(hardware modded R820T2/RTL2838U DVB-T Tuner Dongles)[77]

Pre-built and pre-modded with custom driver0.5 – 1766 MHz

(mod: RTL2832U Q-branch pins soldered to antenna port)[78]

Matches sampling rate, but with filter roll-off8No2.4 MHz (can go up to 3.2 MHz but drops samples)1?USBYesYesYesUS$21.95-US$25.5
SDRplay: RSP1A[79]Pre-built1kHz – 2 GHz10 MHz14No20 MSPS with 11 built-in preselection filters0.51/1USBYesYesYesnoneUS$109
SDRplay: RSP2 & RSP2pro[80]Pre-built1kHz – 2 GHz10 MHz12No20 MSPS with 10 built-in preselection filters and 3 antenna ports0.51/1USBYesYesYesnoneUS$169
SDRplay: RSPduo[81]Pre-built1kHz – 2 GHz10 MHz14NoTwo independent tuners, each with 11 built-in preselection filters. 3 antenna ports0.51/2USBYesYesYesnoneUS$279
Soft66AD / Soft66ADD / Soft66LC4 / Soft66RTL[82]Pre-built0.5 – 70 MHzextNoExternal ADC required (I/Q output)0/1USBYesUnofficially?US$20
SDR-IQ[83]PnP0.1 kHz – 30 MHz?66.666 MHz1/1 ?USBYesYesYesUS$525
SDR-IP[84]PnP0.1 kHz – 34 MHz?80.0 MHz1/1 ?EthernetYesYesYesUS$2,999
SDR-LAB SDR04[85]Pre-built0.4 – 4 GHz?40 MHz?USB 3.0 SuperSpeedYesYesYesUnknown
SDRX01B[86]Pre-built and kit option50 kHz – 200 MHzextNo< 2 MHz External ADC required (I/Q output)0/1 - Scalable (multiple receiver can be connected to the same LO)Ethernet or USB usually, but other interfaces are available in MLAB modular systemYesYesYesUS$90
SDR Minor[87]Pre-built0.1 – 55 MHz?No122.880 MSps ADC sampling, 48k-960k output samplrate1/1LAN 10/100YesYesNoUS$199
SDR-1[88]Kit and pre-built530 kHz – 30 MHz?up to 192 kHz depending on soundcard0/1USBYesNoNoUS$200
SDRstick UDPSDR-HF2[89]Pre-built0.1 – 55 MHz?122.88 Msps0/11G Ethernet via BeMicroCV-A9YesYesYesAltera (as an add-on)US$399
SDRstick UDPSDR-HF1[89]Please Note: A functional receiver requires both the UDPSDR-HF1 and a BeMicro SDK FPGA development boardPre-built0.1 – 30 MHz?No80 Msps0/11G Ethernet via BeMicroCV-A9YesYesYesAltera (as an add-on)US$169
SDR MK1.5 `Andrus`[90]Pre-built, Open Source Design5 kHz – 31 MHz

(1.7 GHz downconverter opt.)

?No64 MSPS?USB 2.0, 10/100 EthernetYesYesYesUS$480
SDR-4+[91]Pre-built0.85 – 70.5 MHz?No48 kHz (integrated soundcard)1/1USB × 2YesYesYesUS$260
SDR(X) HF, VHF & UHF[92]Pre-built0.1 – 1850 MHz (R820T tuner)?NoOptimized for HF amateur bands with 4 user selectable pre-select HF filters?USBYesYesYes£89
SoftRock-40[93]Kit7.5 MHzextNo48 kHz0/1USBYesYesYesUS$21
SoftRock Lite II[94]Kit1.891 – 1.795 MHz,

3.57 – 3.474 MHz,7.104 – 7.008 MHz,10.173 – 10.077 MHz,14.095 – 13.999 MHz(also purchasable in other tunings)

extNo96 kHz0/1USBYesYesYesUS$21
SoftRock RX Ensemble II LF[95]Kit or Pre-built180 kHz – 3.0 MHzextNoExternal ADC required (I/Q output)0/1USBYesYesYesUS$66 or US$97
SoftRock RX Ensemble II HF[96]Kit or Pre-built1.8 – 30 MHzextNoExternal ADC required (I/Q output)0/1USBYesYesYesUS$65 or US$85
SoftRock RX Ensemble RXTX[97]Kit or Pre-builtChoose either 160m,

80m/40m,40m/30m/20m,30m/20m/17m, or 15m/12m/10m('complete [rx/tx] frequency agility within the [chosen] 'superband')[98]

?YesExternal ADC required (I/Q output)USBYesYesYesUS$89 or US$124
Spectre[99]Pre-built0.4 – 4 GHz200 MHz16Yes310 MSPSUSB, Serial, jtag, 10Gbit/s SFP+ EthernetYesYesYesUS$10,000
SunSDR2 Pro[100]Pre-built10 kHz – 160 MHz38–312 kHz1614Yes160 MSPS (RX), 640 MSPS (TX)3/410/100 Ethernet, WLAN (embedded)YesYesYesU$1,595
ThinkRF WSA5000[101]Pre-built50 MHz – 8 GHz, 18 GHz or 27 GHz?125 MSPS?10/100/1000 EthernetYesYesYesUS$3,500-US$14,140
UHFSDR[102]Kit1.75 – 700 MHz Tx/RxextYesExternal soundcard required (I/Q input/output)?LPT parallel port or USB/W QRP2000/UBW/UBW32NANANAUS$40 (partial kit)
USRP B200[103]Pre-built70 MHz – 6 GHz56 MHz?Yes56 MspsUSB 3.0YesYesYesXilinx Spartan 6 XC6SLX75US$675
USRP B210[104]Pre-built70 MHz – 6 GHz56 MHz?Yes56 MspsUSB 3.0YesYesYesXilinx Spartan 6 XC6SLX150US$1,100
USRP N200[105]Pre-builtDC – 6 GHzUp to 40 MHz[106]16Yes25 Msps for 16-bit samples; 50 Msps for 8-bit samplesGigabit EthernetYesYesYesUS$1,515
USRP N210[107]Pre-builtDC – 6 GHzUp to 40 MHz[106]16Yes25 Msps for 16-bit samples; 50 Msps for 8-bit samplesGigabit EthernetYesYesYesXilinx Spartan 3A-DSP 3400US$1,717
USRP X300[108]Pre-builtDC – 6 GHzUp to 160 MHz[106]?Yes200 MspsGigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, PCIeYesYesYesXilinx Kintex-7 XC7K325TUS$3,900
USRP X310[109]Pre-builtDC – 6 GHzUp to 160 MHz[106]?Yes200 MspsGigabit Ethernet, 10 Gigabit Ethernet, PCIeYesYesYesXilinx Kintex-7 XC7K410TUS$4,800
UmTRX[110]Pre-built300 MHz – 3.8 GHzUp to 28 MHz1212Yes13 MSPS x20.1;

0.01 with GPS lock

?Gigabit EthernetYesYes?Spartan 6 LX75US$1,300
WARPv3[111]Pre-built2.4 GHz and 5.8 GHz40 MHz1212Yes40 Msps1/2Dual Gigabit EthernetYesYesYesXilinx Virtex-6 LX240TUS$6,900
WinRadio WR-G31DCC[112]Pre-built9 kHz – 50 MHz?No100 MSPS3/3USBYesNoNoUS$950
X-RAD[113]Pre-builtRX: 950–1450 MHz

TX: 875–1525 MHz

?YesRX: 1.6 GSPS

TX: 3.2 GSPS

?PCIeYesNoNoUnknown
Xiegu G90 [1]Pre-builtRX: 0.5MHz - 30MHz

TX: all amateur bands 1.8 - 30 MHz

48 kHz24Yes 20W
  • ±24k bandwidth spectrum display with waterfall
101/1Embedded system (no computer needed), I/Q output for interfacing with a PC or XDT1 panadapterYesYesYes€479.00
XTRX Pro[114]Pre-built30 – 3700 MHz120 MHz1212Yes120 MSRP SISO,

90 MSRP MIMO

0.1;

0.01 with GPS lock

mini PCIeUnknownYesUnknownXilinx Artix7 50TUS$599
Zeus ZS-1[115]Pre-built300 kHz – 30 MHz?Yes10 kHz, 20 kHz, 40 kHz, 100 kHz1/3USB 2.0YesNoNo€1,399

See also[edit]

References[edit]

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  90. ^'UVB-76 Live Stream Blog'. uvb-76.net. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
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  92. ^'Welcome to 6V6 Electronics - 6V6 Electronics Company'. 6v6.co.uk. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  93. ^'Ensemble RX Home Introduction'. wb5rvz.com. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  94. ^'SoftRock Lite II Combined Receiver Kit'. fivedash.com. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  95. ^'SoftRock RX Ensemble II LF Receiver Kit'. fivedash.com. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  96. ^'SoftRock RX Ensemble II HF Receiver Kit'. fivedash.com. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
  97. ^'SoftRock RXTX Ensemble Transceiver Kit'. fivedash.com. Retrieved 2019-01-20.
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  99. ^'Spectre | Clearbox Systems'. www.clearboxsystems.com.au. Retrieved March 18, 2016.
  100. ^'Expert Electronics - SunSDR2 Pro'. eesdr.com. Retrieved December 21, 2016.
  101. ^ThinkRF. 'WSA5000 | ThinkRF'. thinkrf.com. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
  102. ^'WB6DHW'. wb6dhw.com. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
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  111. ^'Mango Communications - WARP v3 Kit'. mangocomm.com. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
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